Latin American Countries Facing the Problem of Territorial Waters

Discusses is three parts 1. Problems of individual Latin American countries; 2. Latin American political criteria; 3. Regional political thoughts of Latin American countries

High-velocity hot CO emission close to Sgr A*: Herschel/HIFI submillimeter spectral survey toward Sgr A*

The properties of molecular gas, the fuel that forms stars, inside the cavity of the circumnuclear disk (CND) are not well constrained. We present results of a velocity-resolved submillimeter scan (~480 to 1250 GHz}) and [CII]158um line observations carried out with Herschel/HIFI toward Sgr A*; these results are complemented by a ~2'x2' CO (J=3-2) map taken with the IRAM 30 m telescope at ~7'' resolution. We report the presence of high positive-velocity emission (up to about +300 km/s) detected in the wings of CO J=5-4 to 10-9 lines. This wing component is also seen in H2O (1_{1,0}-1_{0,1}) a tracer of hot molecular gas; in [CII]158um, an unambiguous tracer of UV radiation; but not in [CI]492,806 GHz. This first measurement of the high-velocity CO rotational ladder toward Sgr A* adds more evidence that hot molecular gas exists inside the cavity of the CND, relatively close to the supermassive black hole (< 1 pc). Observed by ALMA, this velocity range appears as a collection of CO (J=3-2) cloudlets lying in a very harsh environment that is pervaded by intense UV radiation fields, shocks, and affected by strong gravitational shears. We constrain the physical conditions of the high positive-velocity CO gas component by comparing with non-LTE excitation and radiative transfer models. We infer T_k~400 K to 2000 K for n_H~(0.2-1.0)x10^5 cm^-3. These results point toward the important role of stellar UV radiation, but we show that radiative heating alone cannot explain the excitation of this ~10-60 M_Sun component of hot molecular gas inside the central cavity. Instead, strongly irradiated shocks are promising candidates.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A Letters ( this v2 includes corrections by language editor

Intoxicação experimental por Ipomoea asarifolia (salsa) em caprinos: achados clínicos, hematológicos e anátomo-patológicos.

Neste estudo foram descritas as funções vitais, os sintomas clínicos, os valores do hemograma e as alterações anátomo-patológicas em caprinos intoxicados experimentalmente pela Ipomoea asarifolia (salsa). Foram utilizados 14 caprinos, sem raça definida (SRD), com idade variando entre 09 e 10 meses dispostos em 3 grupos experimentais. Os grupo I e II foram constituído por 5 animais e o grupo III por 4 animais. Os animais do grupo I receberam a I. asarifolia na quantidade de 0,5% de matéria seca por quilo de peso vivo, diariamente, até a morte. Os do grupo II receberam a mesma quantidade da planta, porém até o 5º dia após o aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas de intoxicação. Os do grupo III serviram como controle e receberam capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) na quantidade de 0,5% de matéria seca por quilo de peso vivo. Os sinais clínicos de intoxicação foram observados 24 horas após a administração da I. asarifolia caracterizando-se por balanço lateral da cabeça, tremores musculares, perda do equilíbrio, sonolência, excita ção, ranger dos dentes, gemido, decúbito lateral e prostração. Todos os animais do grupo I morreram intoxicados e, do grupo II, apenas dois animais vieram a óbito. Três animais do grupo II recuperaram-se gradativamente e no 24º dia do experimento não apresentaram sintomas clínicos nem seqüelas. Com base nos achados clínicos, hematológicos e anátomo-patológicos conclui-se que: a I. asarifolia é uma planta tóxica para caprinos e que os sintomas são progressivos e dependem da administração contínua da planta. Clinical symptoms, haematological and pathological disorders in goats intoxicated experimentally with Ipomoea asarifolia (salsa). Abstract - The Ipomoea asariffoilia is a native plant in Northeast of Brazil which goats eat during dry period and lacking of food. In this paper, it described the clinical symptoms, haematological and pathological disorders and vital functions in goats intoxicated experimentally with I. asarifolia. Fourteen animals with age between 9-10 months, breeding SRD was utilized and separated into 3 groups. In group I and II contained 5 animals each and group III (control) 4 animals. In group I goats received 0.5% of I. asarifolia dry material (live weight/kilogram) each day until death. In group II was given the same quantity for 5 days after appearance of intoxication symptoms. In control group, the animals received elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). The clinical symptoms observed after 24 hours were head swing to side, muscle tremble, loss of equilibrium, excitation, groan, decubit lateral and prostation. All the goats in group I died with intoxicated symptoms and group II only 2 animals. Three goats that survived were recuperated by day 24. It concluded that an I. asarifolia is a toxic plant for goats with progressive symptoms when there is a continuous administration of that plant

Beliefs about others' intentions determine whether cooperation is the faster choice

Is collaboration the fast choice for humans? Past studies proposed that cooperation is a behavioural default, based on Response Times (RT) findings. Here we contend that the individual’s reckoning of the immediate social environment shapes her predisposition to cooperate and, hence, response latencies. In a social dilemma game, we manipulate the beliefs about the partner’s intentions to cooperate and show that they act as a switch that determines cooperation and defection RTs; when the partner’s intention to cooperate is perceived as high, cooperation choices are speeded up, while defection is slowed down. Importantly, this social context effect holds across varying expected payoffs, indicating that it modulates behaviour regardless of choices’ similarity in monetary terms. Moreover, this pattern is moderated by individual variability in social preferences: Among conditional cooperators, high cooperation beliefs speed up cooperation responses and slow down defection. Among free-riders, defection is always faster and more likely than cooperation, while high cooperation beliefs slow down all decisions. These results shed new light on the conflict of choices account of response latencies, as well as on the intuitive cooperation hypothesis, and can help to correctly interpret and reconcile previous, apparently contradictory results, by considering the role of context in social dilemmas

Model risk on credit risk

This paper develops the Jungle model in a credit portfolio framework. The Jungle model is able to model credit contagion, produce doubly-peaked probability distributions for the total default loss and endogenously generate quasi phase transitions, potentially leading to systemic credit events which happen unexpectedly and without an underlying single cause. We show the Jungle model provides the optimal probability distribution for credit losses, under some reasonable empirical constraints. The Dandelion model, a particular case of the Jungle model, is presented, motivated and exactly solved. The Dandelion model provides an explicit example of doubly-peaked probability distribution for the credit losses. The Diamond model, another instance of the Jungle model, experiences the so called quasi phase transitions; in particular, both the U.S. subprime and the European sovereign crises are shown to be potential examples of quasi phase transitions. We suggest how the Jungle model is able to explain a series of empirical stylized facts in credit portfolios, hard to reconcile by some standard credit portfolio models. We look at model risk in a credit risk framework under the Jungle model, especially in relation to systemic risks posed by doubly-peaked distributions and quasi phase transitions

Tramiprosate, a drug of potential interest for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, promotes an abnormal aggregation of tau

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of two histopathological hallmarks; the senile plaques, or extracellular deposits mainly composed of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and the neurofibrillary tangles, or intraneuronal inclusions composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

How do incumbent firms innovate their business models for the circular economy? Identifying micro‐foundations of dynamic capabilities

The circular economy is promoted as a contributor to sustainable development; however, the process of circular business model innovation remains under-explored to date, hindering its implementation. Dynamic capabilities research provides a theoretical perspective to explore how incumbent firms can innovate in rapidly changing environments. An abductive qualitative research is done through an exploratory multiple case study on 10 incumbents that implemented a circular business model innovation. We identify 26 practices, aggregated in 12 micro-foundations of the dynamic capabilities of sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring. By integrating the few empirical studies characterizing dynamic capabilities for sustainability-oriented business model innovation, we offer a comprehensive framework of 33 practices. This study proposes that the most relevant practices for circular business model innovation processes are adopting a lifecycle perspective, employing sustainability-oriented instruments, ideating sustainable value propositions, developing a sustainability strategy and culture, and engaging and coordinating stakeholders in the business ecosystem. We also suggest seven particularly relevant practices for long-term business model transformations (e.g., top management commitment), four for innovations focused on short and medium loops of the circular economy (e.g., early customer engagement), and four for long loops (e.g., business ecosystem coordination). This study corroborates and expands recent research on dynamic capabilities for sustainability-oriented innovation and provides practitioners with a set of 33 skills, processes, procedures, and activities to be prioritized to successfully innovate their business models for the circular economy